Phenotypic Variability Induced by Parasites : Extent and Evolutionary Implications

duces rapid CD40 ligand-independent production of interleukin-12 by dendritic cells and their redistribution to T cell areas. J. Exp. Med. 11, 1819–1829 59 Frosch, S. et al. (1996) Trypanosoma cruzi is a potent inducer of interleukin-12 production in macrophages. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 185, 189–193 60 de Diego, J. et al. (1997) Alteration of macrophage function by a Trypanosoma cruzi membrane mucin. J. Immunol. 159, 4983–4989 61 Kaye, P.M. (1995) Costimulation and the regulation of antimicrobial immunity. Immunol. Today 16, 423–427 62 McMahon-Pratt, D. et al. (1998) Leishmania amastigote target antigens: the challenge of a stealthy intracellular parasite. Parasitol. Today 14, 31–34 63 La Flamme, A.C. et al. (1997) Trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages are defective in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3085–3094 64 Frosch, S. et al. (1997) Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi selectively upregulates B7-2 molecules on macrophages and enhances their costimulatory activity. Infect. Immun. 65, 971–979 65 Nunes, M.P. et al. (1998) Activation-induced T cell death exacerbates Trypanosoma cruzi replication in macrophages cocultured with CD4+ T lymphocytes from infected hosts. J. Immunol. 160, 1313–1319 66 Lüder, C.G.K. et al. (1998) Down-regulation of MHC class II molecules and inability to upregulate class I molecules in murine macrophages after infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 112, 308–316 67 Subauste, C.S. et al. (1998) Role of CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) in the immune response to an intracellular pathogen. J. Immunol. 160, 1831–1840 68 Khan, I.A. et al. (1996) Activation-mediated CD4+ T cell unresponsiveness during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Int. Immunol. 8, 887–896 69 Beverly, S.M. and Turco, S.J. (1998) Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the identification of virulence genes in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Trends Microbiol. 6, 35–44 70 Stenger, S. et al. (1996) Reactivation of latent leishmaniasis by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Exp. Med. 183, 1501–1514